Modal

Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity. Example from modal like may, might, should, must, can, could, have to, has to

The formula that we can use:
Modal + V1 or Modal + be + adverb, noun, etc

Example in sentences:

1. May, might
   
   To express Possibility
   
   
   • I may stop teaching next year
   • Don't run, you may fall
   • It's cloudy
   • They may be at home at 5.30 P.M


2. Should
   
   To express about suggestion
   
   
   • Harry is sick. He is at hospital now. You should see him
   
   
   • It's cloudy. It might run. You should bring a rain coat
   
   


3. Must, have to, has to
   
   To express about compulsory
   
   
   • Your mom is at the hospital. She is sick. You must see her
   
   
   • Every student must not smoke at school
   
   
   • Every worker must do their duty
   
   


4. Can
   
   To express about ability
   
   
   • He can swim
   • They can play football
   • Can you make the table>
   • Can she drive?


5. Could
   
   To express about possibility (in positive sentences) and permission (in question sentences)
   
   
   • I could see you tonight
   • Could you give me any water, please?
   • Could I come with you?

Relative Clause

Hello all, in English lesson we know the lesson about relative clause. Do you feel confuse how to use the relative clause or do you want to know what relative clause contain? We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

A relative clause also called an adjective or adjectival clause. Relative clause will meet three requirements.

• First, it will contain a subject and verb.
• Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
• Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

Relative clause will have formula like this:

1. relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb or
   
2. relative pronoun as subject + verb

Here the relative pronoun and relative adverb example: (The example have two different sentences and then we will combine both become one sentences with relative pronoun/relative adverb):

a. Who
Is used for people as subject. Example:
- The girl is sitting under the tree
- She is a new student
We combine both sentences become:
- The girl who is sitting under the tree is a new student. (Who in here replace She)

b. Whom
Is used for people as object. Example:
- The girl is beautiful
- I love her very much
We combine both sentences become:
- The girl whom I love very much is beautiful. (Whom in here replace her)

c. Whose
Is used for talking about possession. Example:
- The woman is very sad
- I found her baby in the street last night
We combine both sentences become:
- The woman whose baby I found in the street last night is very sad. (Whose replace her baby)

d. Which
Is used for talking about things as subject or object. Example:
- The novel is interesting
- It is written by Alex P (things as subject)
- I bought it yesterday (things as object)
We combine the sentences above and we get two new sentences:
- The novel which is written by Alex P is interesting (Which replace It in second sentences)
- The novel which I bought yesterday is interesting (Which replace it in third sentences)

e. Where
Is used for talking about place. Example:
- The hotel is very nice
- We stayed there for 3 days
We combine both sentences become:
- The hotel where we stayed for 3 days is very nice (Where replace there)

NB: We also can use 'that' to replace all relative pronoun/relative adverb above.

Principles of Drupal

Drupal have a few principles, here the detail below:

• Modular and extensible. Drupal aims to provide a slim, powerful core that can be readily extended through custom modules.
• Quality coding. High quality, elegant, documented code is a priority over roughed-in functionality.
• Standards-based. Drupal supports established and emerging standards. Specific target standards include XHTML and CSS.
• Low resource demands. To ensure excellent performance, Drupal puts a premium on low-profile coding (for example, minimizing database queries). Drupal should also have minimal, widely-available server-side software requirements. Specifically, Drupal should be fully operational on a server with Apache web server, PHP, and either MySQL or Postgresql.
• Open source. Drupal is based on the open source philosophy of collaborative free software development and is licensed under the GPL. Drupal is itself open source and builds on and supports other open source projects. Specifically, Drupal is coded in the open source scripting language PHP and supports as primary data sources the open source database formats MySQL and Postgresql.
• Ease of use. Drupal aims for a high standard of usability for developers, administrators, and users.
• Collaboration. Drupal development supports open, collaborative information sharing systems and approaches.

(source : www.drupal.org)

Project and Features of Drupal

Drupal is an open source content management platform. Equipped with a powerful blend of features, Drupal can support a variety of websites ranging from personal blogs, corporate brochures and large community-driven websites.

While it is not the purpose of this manual to fully educate you on database, web server or operating systems basics specific to your site, this will hopefully introduce you to getting a Drupal based website installed and configured for your needs. For a more technical sounding definition;

“Drupal is a web-based content management system. Text and pointers to other kinds of content are stored in a database, dynamically retrieved and composed, and presented to a user in response to a request sent via a web-browser.”

Sound scary? It is a complex software product and can at times seem overwhelming, however, anyone willing to invest a little time and effort can learn how to use, setup, configure and maintain a Drupal based web site.

Now we will look through to Drupal Features :

General features

Collaborative Book - Our unique collaborative book feature lets you setup a “book” and then authorize other individuals to contribute content.

detailed information

Friendly URLs - Drupal uses Apache’s mod_rewrite to enable customizable URLs that are both user and search engine friendly.

Modules - The Drupal community has contributed many modules which provide functionality that extend Drupal core.

detailed information

Online help - Like many Open Source projects, we can’t say that our online help is perfect but have built a robust online help system built into the core help text. Available to you on your own site.

detailed information

Open source - The source code of Drupal is freely available under the terms of the GNU General Public License 2 (GPL). Unlike proprietary blogging or content management systems, Drupal’s feature set is fully available to extend or customize as needed.

detailed information

Personalization - A robust personalization environment is at the core of Drupal. Both the content and the presentation can be individualized based on user-defined preferences.

Role based permission system - Drupal administrators don’t have to tediously setup permissions for each user. Instead, they assign permissions to roles and then group like users into a role group.

screenshot . detailed information

Searching - All content in Drupal is fully indexed and searchable at all times if you take advantage of the built in search module.

User management

User authentication - Users can register and authenticate locally or using an external authentication source like Jabber, Blogger, LiveJournal or another Drupal website. For use on an intranet, Drupal can integrate with an LDAP server.

detailed information

Content management

Polls - Drupal comes with a poll module which enables admins and/or users to create polls and show them on various pages.

detailed information

Templating - Drupal’s theme system separates content from presentation allowing you to control the look and feel of your Drupal site. Templates are created from standard HTML and PHP coding meaning that you don’t have to learn a proprietary templating language.

detailed information

Threaded comments - Drupal provides a powerful threaded comment model for enabling discussion on published content. Comments are hierarchical as in a newsgroup or forum.

detailed information

Version control - Drupal’s version control system tracks the details of content updates including who changed it, what was changed, the date and time of changes made to your content and more. Version control features provide an option to keep a comment log and enables you to roll-back content to an earlier version.

screenshot

Blogging

Blogger API support - The Blogger API allows your Drupal site to be updated by many different tools. This includes non-web browser based tools that provide a richer editing environment.

detailed information

Content syndication - Drupal exports your site’s content in RDF/RSS format for others to gather. This lets anyone with a News Aggregator browse your Drupal sites feeds.

detailed information

News aggregator - Drupal has a powerful built-in News Aggregator for reading and blogging news from other sites. The News Aggregator caches articles to your MySQL database and its caching time is user configurable.Note: This prevents losing track of your news as in other aggregators when you’re offline for a few days.

detailed information

Permalinks - All content created in Drupal has a permanent link or “perma link” associated with it so people can link to it freely without fear of broken links.

Platform

Apache or IIS, Unix / Linux / BSD / Solaris / Windows / Mac OS X support - Drupal was designed from the start to be multi-platform. Not only can you use it with either Apache or Microsoft IIS but we also have Drupal running on Linux, BSD, Solaris, Windows, and Mac OS X platforms.

detailed information

Database independence - While many of our users run Drupal with MySQL, we knew that MySQL wasn’t the solution for everyone. Drupal is built on top of a database abstraction layer that enables you to use Drupal with MySQL and PostgreSQL. Other SQL databases can be supported by writing a supporting database backend containing fourteen functions and creating a matching SQL database scheme.

detailed information

Multi-language - Drupal is designed to meet the requirements of an international audience and provides a full framework to create a multi-lingual website, blog, content management system or community application. All text can be translated using a graphical user interface, by importing existing translations, or by integrating with other translation tools such as the GNU gettext.

detailed information

Administration and analysis

Analysis, Tracking and Statistics - Drupal can print browser-based reports with information about referrals, content popularity and how visitors navigate your site.

screenshot . detailed information

Logging and Reporting - All important activities and system events are captured in an event log to be reviewed by an administrator at a later time.

screenshot . detailed information

Web based administration - Drupal can be administered entirely using a web browser, making it possible to access it from around the world and requires no additional software to be installed on your computer.

screenshot

Community features

Discussion forums - Full discussion forum features are built into Drupal to create lively, dynamic community sites.

detailed information

Performance and scalability

Caching - The caching mechanism eliminates database queries increasing performance and reducing the server’s load. Not only can the caching be tuned in real time, while your site is under load, but it has been successfully tested under a “slashdotting” and performed extremely well.

detailed information

(source : www.drupal.org)

To be used to and Used to

Hello, I back again with new topic. Now we will discuss about the different with "to be used to " and "used to". To know about the different please read the explanation below:

1. To be used to
   
   We use "to be used to" to express action that have been our habits in the past and that habits still we do until now.
   
   The formula that we can use in "to be used to":
   
   S + to be + used to + Verb₁ + ing
   
   Example:
   
   1. We are used to having breakfast
   
   2. She is not used to walking to work
   
   3. Are you used to having breakfast?
   
   4. Who is used to taking you home?
   



2. Used to
   
   We use "used to" to express action that has been our habits in the past and we don't do that habits again now.
   
   The formula for Used to:
   
   S + used to + Verb₁
   
   Example:
   
   1. She used to teach maths
   
   2. Tom didn't use to work in a bank
   
   3. Did you use to live in Bandung?
   
   4. How did you use to go to school?
   

Verb Tenses Part II

Here we back again. Now we will continue about the tenses. Are you ready? Here we go :

1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
   

   Present Perfect Continuous Tense is use to show that something has done in the past and has continued until now.

   The formula for Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

   S + have/has + been + Verb₁ + ing + Object (Object can use “for” or “since”)

   Example:

   1. We have been studying for two hours

   2. She has been reading for one hours

   3. He hasn’t been studying since yesterday

   4. What have you been doing since this morning?

   
   
2. Past Perfect Tense
   

   Past Perfect Tense is use to express action that occurred before another action in the past.

   The formula for Past Perfect Tense:

   S + had + Verb₃ + Object + when + S + Verb₂

   Example:

   1. I had had breakfast when he picked up me

   2. She hadn’t left when I called her

   3. Had you been here when it rained?

   4. What had you done when he came?

   
   
3. Present Future Perfect Tense
   

   Present Future Perfect Tense is use to express action that have done at the time in the future.

   The formula for Present Future Perfect Tense:

   S + will/shall + have + Verb₃ + Object + by

   Example:

   1. I shall have been at your home by 8 PM

   2. They will not have done their homework by 8 PM

   3. Will she have arrived there by the time you go home from work?

   4. Who will have gone to bed by 10 PM?

   
   
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
   

   Past Perfect Continuous Tense is use to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. “For five minutes” and “for two weeks” are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.

   The formulation for Past Perfect Continuous Tense:
   

   S + had been + Verb₁ + ing

   Example:

   1. You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived

   2. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business

   3. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?

   4. Who had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrive?

   
   
5. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
   

   Future Perfect Continuous Tense is use to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. “For five minutes,” “for two weeks,” and “since Friday” are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous.

   The formula for Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

   S + will have been + Verb₁ + ing

   S + be going to have been + Verb₁ + ing

   Example:

   1. Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?

   2. You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

   3. You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.

   4. How long will you have been studying when you graduate?

   
   
6. Future Continuous Tense
   

   Future Continuous Tense is use to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future.

   The formula for Future Continuous Tense:

   S + will be + Verb₁ + ing

   S + be going to be + Verb₁ + ing

   Example:

   1. You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.

   2. Will he be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives?

   3. I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.

   4. I will not be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
   

There are a few tenses that usually use in our daily conversation. Hope you can apply it on your daily conversation. Let's practice to use tenses in our daily conversation. I will back with another lesson in english language. I'll be back... :D

Verb Tenses Part I

Here I'm back with topic about tenses. Many people that confuse to use tenses in their daily conversation. In here, I want to give simple tutorial about tenses and how we can apply the tenses in our daily conversation. Now here we start

1. Simple Present Tense
   

   Simple Present Tense is use for express about action that is repeated or usual and at the same time, or action that has be the habitual action. Simple Present Tense also use for express about general truth and special things.

   The formula for Simple Present Tense is:

   S + Verb₁ + s/es (for Subject like: She, He, It)

   S + Verb₁ (for Subject like: I, You, We, They)

   The word “s/es” refer to does. For the Verb that use “s/es”, you can use “s” when the verb not ending with:

   ch, sh, ss, o, x

   Example:

   1. I go to school every morning

   2. They play football every Sunday

   3. She watches TV

   4. She doesn’t watch TV

   5. Does she watch TV?

   6. What does she watch?



2. Simple Past Tense
   

   Simple Past Tense is use to express completed action in the past.The formula for Simple Past Tense:

   S + Verb₂ + Object Time (The Object Time like yesterday, last week, etc)

   Example:

   1. I bought a house last year

   2. She didn’t see me last night

   3. Did you watch TV last night?

   4. Where did they go last night?



3. Simple Future Tense
   

   Simple Future Tense is used to refer to actions that will take place after the act of speaking or writing.

   The formula for Simple Future Tense: (We have two formula at here)

   a. S + will + Verb₁

   b. S + be going to + Verb₁

   The different from the “will” and “be going to” might seem too abstract at first. Both “will” and “be going to” refer to a specific time in the future.

   Example:

   1. I will help you later.

   2. Will you help me later?

   3. I will not help you later

   4. He is going to watch movie tonight.

   5. Is he going to watch movie tonight?

   6. He is not going to watch movie tonight



4. Present Perfect Tense
   

   Present Perfect Tense is use to express action that happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important.

   The formula for Present Perfect Tense:

   S + have/has + Past Participle (Verb₃) + Object (The Object can be already or yet)

   Example:

   1. I have done my homework already

   2. She has eaten breakfast

   3. I haven’t done my homework yet

   4. Has she had breakfast yet?

   5. What have you done already?

   6. Who has been seen by her?



5. Present Continuous Tense
   

   Present Continuous Tense is use for express something that happen now or at the time of speaking. For express action that will do at some time but have been arranging, for express some changing, and also for express action that happen at period of time.

   The formula for Present Continuous Tense:

   S + to be + Verb₁ + ing

   Example:

   1. They are playing football now.

   2. I am leaving for New York at 7 tomorrow morning

   3. The city is getting dirty

   4. I am not working this week



6. Past Continuous Tense
   

   Past Continuous Tense is use to express action that was doing at the past or to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted.

   The formula for Past Continuous Tense:

   S + was/were + Verb₁ + ing + Object

   The Object in here can be like: at 5 pm yesterday, at this time, when + S + Verb₂, while + S + was/were + Verb₁ + ing

   Example:

   1. I was studying when she called

   2. While I was studying, she called

   3. He wasn’t at school at 3 pm yesterday

   4. Who was sleeping at this time yesterday?

We have see the six tenses above. This lesson will be continue...

Drupal

Drupal is a free software package that allows an individual or a community of users to easily publish, manage and organize a wide variety of content on a website. Tens of thousands of people and organizations have used Drupal to power scores of different web sites, including

• Community web portals
• Discussion sites
• Corporate web sites
• Intranet applications
• Personal web sites or blogs
• Aficionado sites
• E-commerce applications
• Resource directories
• Social Networking sites

Drupal is ready to go from the moment you download it. It even has an easy-to-use web installer! The built-in functionality, combined with dozens of freely available add-on modules, will enable features such as:

• Content Management Systems
• Blogs
• Collaborative authoring environments
• Forums
• Peer-to-peer networking
• Newsletters
• Podcasting
• Picture galleries
• File uploads and downloads

and much more.

Drupal is open-source software distributed under the GPL ("General Public License") and is maintained and developed by a community of thousands of users and developers. Drupal is free to download and use. If you like what Drupal promises for you, please work with us to expand and refine Drupal to suit your specific needs.